ISOTOPE GEOCHEMISTRY IN ARCHAEOLOGICAL PROVENANCE STUDIES: TECHNIQUES, APPLICATIONS, AND INSIGHTS FROM SOUTH ASIA

Abstract

Isotope geochemistry has emerged as a pivotal tool in archaeological provenance studies, enabling researchers to trace the origin and movement of ancient materials and populations. Through isotopic signatures embedded in bones, teeth, ceramics, and metals, scholars can reconstruct past human behaviors, trade routes, diets, and environmental conditions. In South Asia, particularly in Pakistan, isotope analysis has offered groundbreaking insights into the Indus Valley Civilization and its interaction spheres. This article explores the principles and applications of stable and radiogenic isotope systems, recent advancements in analytical techniques, and case studies within the Pakistani archaeological context. Furthermore, it discusses challenges in isotopic interpretation and outlines future prospects for integrating isotopic data with GIS and AI-based modeling in provenance research