THE INTERSECTION OF RACE, CLASS, AND HEALTHCARE ACCESS IN URBAN ENVIRONMENTS

Abstract

Healthcare access is a critical determinant of overall well-being, but in urban environments, access to healthcare services is often stratified by race, class, and other socio-economic factors. This article explores how these intersecting identities shape the accessibility and quality of healthcare services in urban Pakistan. Focusing on the socio-economic and racial disparities that affect healthcare access in cities like Lahore, Karachi, and Islamabad, the article aims to uncover the ways in which marginalized communities face barriers to healthcare, which contribute to the wider health inequalities in urban areas. By examining data, social determinants, and historical contexts, the paper provides a comprehensive analysis of how race and class intersect to affect healthcare access and outcomes. The findings are relevant not only to policymakers but also to healthcare providers, social scientists, and community activists working to reduce health disparities in urban environments.