STEREOTYPE THREAT AND ACADEMIC PERFORMANCE: MECHANISMS, EVIDENCE, AND INTERVENTIONS

Abstract

Stereotype threat—the risk of confirming negative stereotypes about one’s social group—has been shown to impair academic performance across diverse populations. This article reviews theoretical frameworks explaining stereotype threat, empirical studies demonstrating its effects in educational settings, and mechanisms such as anxiety, reduced working memory capacity, and disengagement. The review also evaluates interventions designed to mitigate stereotype threat, including affirmation exercises, reframing tasks, and creating inclusive environments. Understanding stereotype threat is critical to addressing achievement gaps and promoting equity in education.