OCEAN ACIDIFICATION: CONSEQUENCES FOR MARINE LIFE AND GLOBAL ECOSYSTEM HEALTH

Abstract

Ocean acidification (OA) is one of the most pressing challenges facing marine ecosystems and global biodiversity due to its impact on ocean chemistry. As carbon dioxide (CO₂) levels in the atmosphere rise, a significant portion of this CO₂ is absorbed by the oceans, leading to a decrease in pH and subsequent chemical changes that negatively affect marine organisms. This article explores the consequences of ocean acidification on marine life, including impacts on coral reefs, shellfish, fish populations, and overall ecosystem health. Furthermore, it examines how OA disrupts biogeochemical cycles, marine food webs, and global climate regulation. The article also discusses the specific implications of ocean acidification for Pakistan's marine ecosystems and provides recommendations for mitigating its effects. Understanding the mechanisms and consequences of ocean acidification is crucial for the preservation of marine biodiversity and the sustainability of ocean services that support human societies